Grammar

is / am / are (polite copula).

is / am / are (plain copula).

was / were (polite past copula).

is not / am not / are not (polite negative copula).

polite non-past verb ending.

polite past verb ending.

polite non-past negative verb ending.

polite past negative verb ending.

marks the topic of a sentence (pronounced 'wa').

marks the grammatical subject; introduces new information.

marks the direct object of a transitive verb.

marks target, destination, location of existence, or time.

marks the means, tool, or location of an action.

and (exhaustive listing); with (accompanying person/thing).

marks possession; modifies a noun with another noun.

marks direction of movement (pronounced 'e').

marks the starting point: from (place/time).

marks the endpoint: until / as far as.

also / too / as well.

marks a sentence as a question.

right? / isn't it? (seeking agreement or confirming shared knowledge).

I'm telling you / emphasis; informs the listener of new information.

this / that / that over there / which (pronominal demonstratives).

this / that / that ___ over there / which ___ (attributive demonstratives).

here / there / over there / where (place demonstratives).

there is / exists (for inanimate things).

there is / exists (for animate beings: people and animals).

connecting form (basis for many compound constructions).

please do (polite request).

be doing (progressive); be in the state of having done (resultant state).

plain (casual) negative verb form.

plain (casual) past verb form.

い-adjective non-past (affirmative).

い-adjective negative (is not ___).

い-adjective past (was ___).

な-adjective non-past.

な-adjective modifying a noun directly.

な-adjective negative.

な-adjective past.

let's ___ (polite volitional).

shall we ___? (invitation); shall I ___? (offer).

want to ___ (speaker's own desire).

want (a thing) — for the speaker's own desire.

A is more ___ than B (comparative).

the most / the best (superlative).

general-purpose counter for small things (one, two, three…).

counter for people.

basic interrogatives: what / who / where / when / how / why.

please do not ___ (polite negative request).

X and Y (and so on) — non-exhaustive listing.

won't you...? / would you like to...? (invitation).

already did.

not yet / still.

when / at the time of.

together with.

only / just (basic noun restriction).

adverbial form of i-adjectives.

adverbial form of na-adjectives.

te-form of i-adjectives (joining / causal).

te-form of na-adjectives and nouns (joining / causal).

both X and Y / neither X nor Y.

X and Y (exhaustive listing of nouns).

location relative to a reference (above, below, inside, in front, behind, next to).

how many / how old.

how much (price / quantity).

what time / when (specific clock time).

what day of the week / days of the week.

o'clock (hour counter).

minute (time / duration counter).

year of age (age counter).

yen (Japanese currency counter).

counter for long, thin objects.

counter for flat, thin objects.

every / each (time period).

hour (duration counter).

polite ending for i-adjective predicates.

because / since ___.